From: Salt and potassium intake among adult Ghanaians: WHO-SAGE Ghana Wave 3
Characteristics | Low Na: K (< 2) n = 399 | Medium Na: K (2–5) n = 389 | High Na: K (> 5) n = 41 | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age yrs | 60 (18) | 61 (19) | 58 (22) | 0.44 |
Sex male, n (%) | n = 399 139 (34.8) | n = 389 116 (29.8) | n = 41 12 (29.3) | 0.29 |
Ethnicity n (%) | n = 397 | n = 387 | n = 41 | < 0.01 |
Akan | 229 (57.7) | 246 (63.6) | 17 (41.5) | |
Ga | 5 (1.3) | 29 (7.5) | 10 (24.4) | |
Ewe | 31 (7.8) | 23 (5.9) | 1 (2.4) | |
Mole-dagbon | 13 (3.3) | 11 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
Mole-busanga | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
Grusi | 7 (3.0) | 5 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
Guan | 12 (3.0) | 4 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Gruma | 3 (0.8) | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
Other | 95 (23.9) | 65 (16.8) | 173 (21) | |
Urban n (%) | n = 398 183 (46.0) | n = 389 240 (61.7) | n = 41 26 (63.4) | < 0.01 |
Education (years) | n = 253 10 (4) | n = 267 10 (5) | n = 26 10 (6) | 0.51 |
BMI kg/m2 | n = 387 24.8 (7.0) | n = 364 25.7 (7.4) | n = 39 28.1 (8.2) | 0.04 |
Salt intake g/d | n = 398 7.5 (7.4)ab | n = 384 8.6 (6.6)ac | n = 40 13.9 (11.9)bc | < 0.01 |
K intake, mmol/d | n = 399 93.4 (97.8)ab | n = 389 49.5 (38.7)b | n = 41 38.2 (38.4)a | < 0.01 |
Na: K | n = 399 1.4 (0.6)ab | n = 389 3.0 (1.3)ac | n = 41 5.5 (1.3)bc | < 0.01 |
Urinary iodine excretion, mmol/day | n = 383 129.7 (116.0)a | n = 370 153.9 (164.4) | n = 40 146.9 (193.9)a | < 0.01 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | n = 398 126 (26) | n = 385 126 (32.0) | n = 40 125 (34.0) | 0.03 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | n = 398 77 (17.0) | n = 385 75 (17.0) | n = 40 77 (18.0) | 0.25 |
Pulse pressure, mmHg | n = 398 48 (16.6) | n = 385 51 (17.0) | n = 40 51.7 (15.0) | 0.26 |
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), mmHg | n = 399 93.7 (18.8) | n = 387 92.5 (21.2) | n = 41 91.7 (25.3) | 0.61 |
Hypertension Prevalence, n (%) | n = 398 170 (42.7) | n = 387 178 (46.0) | n = 40 18 (45.0) | 0.65 |
Hypertension awareness, n (% of hypertension prevalence) | n = 170 102 (60.0) | n = 178 106 (59.6) | n = 18 11 (61.1) | 0.10 |
AHT, current use n (% of hypertension awareness) | n = 102 65 (63.7) | n = 106 79 (74.8) | n = 11 7 (63.6) | 0.22 |
Hypertension control, n (% of AHT) | n = 63 33 (52.5) | n = 78 40 (51.3) | n = 7 3 (42.9) | 0.89 |
Stroke, n (%) | n = 399 11 (2.8) | n = 389 7 (1.8) | n = 41 0 (0.0) | 0.45 |
Diabetes, n (%) | n = 399 34 (8.5) | n = 389 30 (7.7) | n = 41 2 (4.9) | 0.69 |
Tobacco use, n (%) | n = 399 45 (11.3) | n = 389 34 (8.7) | n = 41 0 (0.0) | 0.05 |
Alcohol use, n (%) | n = 399 160 (40.1) | n = 389 172 (44.2) | n = 41 19 (46.3) | 0.44 |
Fruits and Veg., met recommendation n (%) | n = 399 212 (53.1) | n = 389 203 (52.2) | n = 41 24 (58.5) | 0.74 |
Frequently add salt to food at the table, n (%) | n = 399 52 (13) | n = 389 48 (12.3) | n = 41 6 (14.6) | 0.88 |
Frequently add salt to cooking at home, n (%) | n = 399 320 (80.0) | n = 389 311 (79.9) | n = 41 33 (80.5) | 0.30 |
Believes that they are eating just the right amount of salt n (%) | n = 397 247 (62.2) | n = 387 231 (59.7) | n = 41 24 (58.5) | 0.48 |
Believes a high salt diet can cause a serious health problem, n (%) | n = 389 304 (78.1) | n = 375 311 (82.9) | n = 40 30 (75.0) | 0.18 |
Does something to control salt consumption, n (%) | n = 389 166 (42.7) | n = 375 209 (55.7) | n = 39 15 (61.5) | < 0.01 |