N weighted | Underweight % | Univariate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR [95 % CI] | p-value | |||
Child characteristics | ||||
Underweight | 469 | 11.4 | - | - |
Child size at birth* age in months | ||||
Not small size, <12 | 444 | 11.2 | 1 | |
Small size, <12 | 23 | 16.9 | 1.62 [0.97, 2.70] | 0.067 |
Not small size, 12–23 | 442 | 11.1 | 1 | |
Small size, 12–23 | 25 | 19.6 | 1.95 [1.23, 3.10] | 0.005 |
Not small size, 24–35 | 441 | 11.1 | 1 | |
Small size, 24–35 | 25 | 18.8 | 1.85 [1.18, 2.90] | 0.008 |
Not small size, 36–47 | 444 | 11.1 | 1 | |
Small size, 36–47 | 22 | 19.6 | 1.95 [1.14, 3.33] | 0.015 |
Not small size, 48–59 | 438 | 11.0 | 1 | |
Small size, 48–59 | 28 | 23.2 | 2.45 [1.60, 3.75] | <0.001 |
Child sex | ||||
Girls | 2075 | 10.0 | 1 | |
Boys | 2101 | 12.7 | 1.31 [1.06, 1.60] | 0.010 |
Breastfeeding | ||||
Ever breastfed, not currently breastfeeding | 2025 | 11.7 | 1 | |
Never breastfed | 12 | 16.4 | 1.48 [0.36, 6.09] | 0.586 |
Still breastfeeding | 2123 | 11.0 | 0.94 [0.78, 1.13] | 0.495 |
Fever in last 2 weeks | ||||
No | 3481 | 10.7 | 1 | |
Yes | 693 | 14.7 | 1.43 [1.09, 1.86] | 0.009 |
Deworming (drugs for intestinal parasites in last 6 months) | ||||
No | 897 | 9.3 | 1 | |
Yes | 3278 | 12 | 1.33 [1.01, 1.76] | 0.040 |
Diarrhea in last 2 weeks | ||||
No | 3606 | 11.0 | 1 | |
Yes | 569 | 13.9 | 1.31 [1.00, 1.72] | 0.052 |
Full vaccinated | ||||
No | 1029 | 10.2 | 1 | |
Yes | 3147 | 11.8 | 1.18 [0.92, 1.52] | 0.191 |
Birth interval (from previous birth) | ||||
Singleton first-born | 1014 | 6.8 | 1 | |
Singleton birth <2 years | 624 | 8.4 | 1.26 [0.89, 1.80] | 0.193 |
Singleton birth > =2 years | 2437 | 13.2 | 2.09 [1.59, 2.76] | <0.001 |
Multiple births | 101 | 31.2 | 6.21 [3.55, 10.85] | <0.001 |
Mother characteristics | ||||
Mother age | ||||
15–24 years | 755 | 6.9 | 1 | |
25–34 years | 2255 | 10.5 | 1.58 [1.09, 2.28] | 0.015 |
35–49 years | 1166 | 16.1 | 2.59 [1.79, 3.76] | <0.001 |
Mother’s highest level of educational | ||||
No education | 803 | 14.7 | 6.06 [3.22, 11.42] | <0.001 |
Primary | 3016 | 11.5 | 4.60 [2.51, 8.43] | <0.001 |
Secondary or higher | 357 | 2.8 | 1 | |
Smoking | ||||
No | 3988 | 11.1 | 1 | |
Yes | 188 | 16.6 | 1.59 [1.00, 2.53] | 0.049 |
Body mass index of mother | ||||
< 18.5 underweight | 186 | 24.5 | 2.52 [1.67, 3.81] | <0.001 |
18.5–24.9 normal weight | 3000 | 11.4 | 1 | |
25.0–29.9 overweight | 528 | 6.2 | 0.51 [0.35, 0.75] | 0.001 |
> =30 Obesity | 94 | 7.7 | 0.65 [0.31, 1.35] | 0.245 |
Delivered by health care professional | ||||
Yes | 2919 | 9.9 | 1 | |
No | 1257 | 14.8 | 1.57 [1.28, 1.94] | <0.001 |
Number of antenatal care visits | ||||
None | 53 | 10.1 | 1 | |
1 | 136 | 16.2 | 1.72 [0.61, 4.88] | 0.306 |
2-3 | 1790 | 10.9 | 1.10 [0.43, 2.79] | 0.843 |
4+ | 1084 | 9.6 | 0.95 [0.36, 2.46] | 0.909 |
Mother occupation | ||||
Not working | 415 | 13.1 | 2.35 [1.33, 4.13] | 0.003 |
Skilled worker | 374 | 6.0 | 1 | |
Unskilled worker | 3385 | 11.8 | 2.09 [1.33, 3.26] | 0.001 |
Marital status | ||||
Single | 255 | 10.2 | 1 | |
Married | 3573 | 11.0 | 1.09 [0.69, 1.75] | 0.703 |
Divorced/separated | 348 | 15.9 | 1.66 [0.96, 2.87] | 0.068 |
Household characteristics | ||||
Number of living children | ||||
1-3 | 2547 | 9.5 | 1 | |
4+ | 1629 | 14.3 | 1.58 [1.27, 1.96] | <0.001 |
Number of persons in household | ||||
2-3 | 599 | 7.8 | 1 | |
4+ | 3577 | 12.0 | 1.61 [1.17, 2.22] | 0.004 |
Sex of the household head | ||||
Female | 877 | 11.8 | 1.05 [0.83, 1.33] | 0.654 |
Male | 3299 | 11.3 | 1 | |
Residence | ||||
Urban | 484 | 6.4 | 1 | |
Rural | 3692 | 12.0 | 2.00 [1.35, 2.95] | 0.001 |
Wealth quintiles | ||||
Top 2 | 1480 | 7.4 | 1 | |
Middle | 848 | 11.3 | 1.58 [1.15, 2.17] | 0.004 |
Bottom 2 | 1848 | 14.6 | 2.14 [1.66, 2.75] | <0.001 |
Toilet is clean upon inspection | ||||
Yes | 1442 | 8.7 | 1 | |
No | 2717 | 12.8 | 1.53 [1.21, 1.94] | <0.001 |
Type of quality of toilet | ||||
Unimproved shared | 203 | 19.4 | 2.17 [1.43, 3.30] | <0.00 |
Improved shared | 575 | 9.2 | 0.91 [0.62, 1.33] | 0.635 |
Improved not shared | 2431 | 10.0 | 1 | |
Unimproved not shared | 866 | 15.0 | 1.60 [1.24, 2.07] | 0.001 |
Proximity to improved water source | ||||
Water on premise | 167 | 5.5 | 1 | |
< 30 minutes | 1787 | 11.9 | 2.31 [1.22, 4.38] | 0.010 |
> =30 minutes | 2181 | 11.6 | 2.26 [1.20, 4.28] | 0.012 |
Anything done to water to make safe to drink | ||||
Yes | 2058 | 9.5 | 1 | |
No | 2118 | 13.2 | 1.44 [1.15, 1.80] | 0.001 |